Constants

Constants are similar to variables only in the sense that are used to store values, but otherwise, constants and variables differ in many ways.
To create a constant, it is used the define() function instead of the assignment operator (=):

define("CONSTANT_NAME", 'value', [case-insensitive]);

-The case-insensitive parameter at the end of the definition is optional (a boolean value: true or false), and by default is false, meaning that the defined constant is in fact case-sensitive.
- Constants do not use the initial dollar, their name must start with either a letter or an underscore character, followed by letters, numbers, or underscores.
- By default and convention, a defined constant is uppercase, although this is not required.
- A constant can only be assigned a scalar value (a string or a number). And unlike variables, a constant's value cannot be changed.
- To access the value of a constant, make reference to its name.

The following example creates two constants and attempts to recreate one of them.

<?php
define("BROTHERS", 'Victor, Alex');
define("COUSIN", "Vasile", true);                // defined case-insensitive

echo 'My brothers: '. BROTHERS. '<br />';        // My brothers: Victor, Alex

// Try to redefine the BROTHERS constant
define("BROTHERS", 'Relu');                      // Notice: Constant BROTHERS already defined in ...

echo 'My cousin: '. COUSIN. '<br />';            // My cousin: Vasile

// assign the constant's value (the one case-insensitive) to a variable
$cname = Cousin;
echo 'My cousin: '. $cname;                     // My cousin: Vasile
?>

You cannot put the constant within quotation marks:
echo "My brothers: BROTHERS"; results: My brothers: BROTHERS

The scope of a defined constant is global, meaning it can be used in any defined function or class that is also part of that code file, including any other included files or functions.

• If you want to check if a constant is defined, you can use the defined("CONSTANT") function. This function returns 1 if "CONSTANT" is defined, otherwise returns false.

<?php
define("BROTHERS", 'Victor, Alex');
echo defined("BROTHERS");           // 1
?>

- The parameter with the name of the constant must be added within double quotes.

<<-PHP Strings -- Superglobal $_SERVER Array->>

Daily Test with Code Example

HTML

CSS

JavaScript

PHP-MySQL

Which tag is used to add lists into <ul> and <ol> elements?

<ul>
 <li>http://coursesweb.net/html/</li>
 <li>http://coursesweb.net/css/</li>
</ul>

Which value of the "display" property creates a block box for the content and ads a bullet marker?

block list-item inline-block

.some_class {
  display: list-item;
}

Which instruction converts a JavaScript object into a JSON string.

JSON.parse() JSON.stringify eval()

var obj = {
 "courses": ["php", "javascript", "ajax"]
};
var jsonstr = JSON.stringify(obj);
alert(jsonstr);    // {"courses":["php","javascript","ajax"]}

Indicate the PHP class used to work with HTML and XML content in PHP.

stdClass PDO DOMDocument

$strhtml = '<body><div id="dv1">CoursesWeb.net</div></body>';
$dochtml = new DOMDocument();
$dochtml->loadHTML($strhtml);
$elm = $dochtml->getElementById("dv1");
echo $elm->nodeValue;    // CoursesWeb.net

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